Optical waveguide and process for producing it

ABSTRACT

This invention provides an optical waveguide having diffraction gratings with sufficiently high reflectivity, a waveguide member for obtaining the optical waveguide, and a production process thereof. An optical waveguide in which desired diffraction gratings are formed in a core and in a cladding at a predetermined portion by using a waveguide member in which germanium dioxide is added in the core and in the cladding and irradiating the predetermined portion of the waveguide member with interference fringes of ultraviolet light. By this, the optical waveguide according to the present invention reflects guided light throughout the entire mode field region, thus having a high reflectivity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an optical waveguide such as an opticalfiber, a thin-film waveguide, etc., and more particularly to a waveguidemember for producing a diffraction grating in a predetermined portionwhile changing the index of refraction periodically, an opticalwaveguide in which the diffraction grating is built, and a process forproducing it.

2. Related Background Art

There are a variety of forms in which a diffraction grating is built asa kind of optical component. When utilized for example in an opticalcommunication system, particularly, a suitable one is of an opticalwaveguide type which is easy connect with another optical waveguide andin which the diffraction grating is built in order to lower an insertionloss.

A conventionally known process for producing the optical waveguidehaving the diffraction grating is for example one described in JapaneseLaid-open Patent Application No. 62-500052. This is a method forproducing the diffraction grating in such a manner that a quartz-baseoptical fiber is formed with a high-refractive-index core doped withgermanium dioxide and that the optical fiber is then irradiated withstrong ultraviolet light so as to produce a periodic index change in thecore to form the diffraction grating.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

For the optical waveguide with built-in diffraction grating, thereflectivity thereof is an important property, which depends upon thelength of the diffraction grating (which is a length of a region wherethe refractive index is periodically changing in the core) and aphoto-induced index change, as seen from the following formula (1).

    R=tan h2(L·π·Δn.sub.UV /λ)(1)

In this formula, R represents the reflectivity, L the length of thediffraction grating built in the core, Δn_(UV) an index change due toultraviolet light (photo-induced index change), and λ a reflectionwavelength.

It is known that the index change due to the irradiation of ultravioletlight is caused by glass defects related to germanium in glass. However,when an optical fiber for communication is used as it used to be, acladding has a smaller number of glass defects. Then, an index changeΔn_(UV) of the cladding by the ultraviolet light is smaller than anindex change Δn_(UV) of the core. Thus, the whole of the opticalwaveguide cannot have a sufficient reflectivity.

Further, because with irradiation of the ultraviolet light theirradiated portion of the core (where the diffraction grating is built)has a higher index, a mode field diameter of this portion becomessmaller than that of the other portions of the core not irradiated withthe ultraviolet light. With a change in the mode field diameter causedin the core, the light propagating in the core is radiated into thecladding because of mode mismatch, which increases a transmission loss.

Under the above circumstances, one of the objects of the presentinvention is to realize an optical waveguide having diffraction gratingswith sufficient reflectivity and to provide a process for easilyproducing the optical waveguide.

An optical waveguide according to the present invention has a core as anoptical waveguide portion, and a cladding having a lower refractiveindex than the core and covering the core in close fit, wherein an indexchange portion in which the refractive index periodically changes isformed as a diffraction grating in each of the core and the cladding ata predetermined portion. The number of the index change portion does nothave to be limited to 1, but a plurality of index change portions may beformed at predetermined intervals along a propagation direction oflight.

Particularly, for a waveguide member in which the diffraction grating isbuilt both in the core and the cladding, an optical waveguide mainlyconsisting of a glass material with germanium dioxide beingpreliminarily added to either region, is utilized but this waveguidemember includes a quartz glass waveguide containing quartz (SiO₂) as amain ingredient, and a multi-component glass waveguide consisting of aglass of a main ingredient of quartz and additives of Na₂ O, CaO, etc.Also, in the specification, the optical waveguide means has a circuit orline for transmitting light while confining it in a certain region,utilizing an index difference between the core and the cladding, whichincludes the optical fiber, the thin-film waveguide, etc.

To function as an optical waveguide, the refractive index of thecladding needs to be lower than that of the core. The way to realize itis, for example, (1) a method to set the concentration of germaniumdioxide added to the cladding to be lower than that added to the core;or (2) where the concentration of germanium dioxide added to the core isequal to or higher than that added to the cladding, an index reducer isfurther added. Here, as the index reducer, for example, boron oxide andfluorine are generally used.

Next, a process for producing the optical waveguide having thediffraction gratings according to the present invention is characterizedin that the process comprises a step of preparing a glass waveguidemember provided with a core doped with germanium dioxide, and a claddingdoped with germanium dioxide and having a lower refractive index thanthe core, and a step of irradiating a predetermined portion (which is aregion containing both the core and the cladding) of the glass waveguidemember with ultraviolet light so as to change a refractive index of thispredetermined portion.

In order to build the diffraction gratings in the predetermined portionof the waveguide member, interference fringes of the ultraviolet lightneed to be produced in the predetermined portion. An example of thismethod is such that two coherent light beams of the ultraviolet lightare formed and that the two coherent ultraviolet light beams areprojected at angles in a supplementary angle relationship with eachother with respect to the optical axis of the core in the glasswaveguide member, thereby producing the interference fringes. In anothermethod, the ultraviolet light is projected to a phase grating and thephase grating transmits the ultraviolet light to form the interferencefringes.

If the waveguide member has a plurality of integrated optical waveguideregions (cores), transmission of the ultraviolet light can be limited byutilizing a mask with a light transmission window and a selected opticalsystem, whereby it can be applied to micromachining of diffractiongrating.

Further, the production process can be applied to the cases where thewaveguide member is moving, for example in a drawing step of opticalfiber.

In the optical waveguide of the present invention, the diffractiongrating is formed not only in the predetermined portion (index changeportion) where the diffraction grating of the core is to be built, butalso in the cladding covering the portion in close fit. Namely,reflected light is not only the guided light propagating in the core inthe optical waveguide, but also the light radiated into the cladding outof the guided light while guided, so that the guided light is reflectedthroughout the entire mode field region. Therefore, the opticalwaveguide of the present invention has a high reflectivity.

Since the light radiated into the cladding out of the guided light leaksa little from the core into the cladding, a sufficiently highreflectivity is realized even if the index change portion in thecladding is present only near an interface between the core and thecladding.

On the other hand, in order to increase a change amount of refractiveindex, it is important to increase the glass defects as described above.To increase a dopant concentration of germanium dioxide in the core iseffective, but in this case, if the change amount of refractive indexbefore and after the irradiation of ultraviolet light in theUV-irradiated region of core becomes very large, another problem oftransmission loss arises due to mode mismatch in regions in the samecore.

In more detail, the UV-irradiated portion in the core has a higherrefractive index to decrease the mode field diameter, while the othernon-UV-irradiated portions do not have a change of the mode fielddiameter. If such a change of the made field diameter in the same coreis caused, the guided light propagating in the core is likely to beradiated into the cladding, resulting in increasing the transmissionloss.

In the optical waveguide having the diffraction gratings according tothe present invention, germanium dioxide is added to each of the coreand the cladding, and, therefore, the index change is caused in eitherregion with irradiation of ultraviolet light. Thus, the opticalwaveguide has a structure that does not cause a substantial change ofindex difference between the core and the cladding. Accordingly, thereis no periodic change of the mode field diameter caused in thepropagation direction of light before and after the irradiation ofultraviolet light, thereby avoiding the above-described transmissionloss due to the mode mismatch (i.e., the transmission loss caused byradiation of the guided light into the cladding).

Next, a process for producing the optical waveguide having thediffraction gratings according to the present invention comprises a stepof preparing a glass waveguide member provided with a core doped withgermanium dioxide and a cladding doped with germanium dioxide and havinga lower refractive index than the core, and a step of irradiating apredetermined portion of the glass waveguide member (a region containingboth the core and the cladding) with ultraviolet light so as to change arefractive index of this predetermined portion. It is also contemplatedthat this production process is applied to production processes ofoptical functional components of the optical waveguide type in which aplurality of integrated cores are formed as a waveguide member in whicha diffraction grating is built, and production processes of opticalfibers.

Here, the mechanism of changing the refractive index of glass withincidence of ultraviolet light is not perfectly clarified. However, animportant cause is considered as oxygen-loss-type defects related togermanium in glass, assumed to be mono holes of neutral oxygen such asSi--Ge or Ge--Ge.

According to the Kramers-Kronig mechanism as suggested as a mechanism ofthe index changer the index change can be explained as follows. Namely,the above defects absorb ultraviolet light of wavelengths in the rangeof 240 to 250 nm. Then this absorption cuts Si--Ge or Ge--Ge coupling,which produces new defects. These new defects form an absorption bandaround the wavelength 210 nm and the wavelength 280 nm. As a result, therefractive index of glass changes according to the Kramers-Kronigrelationship.

In the production process of the present invention, the opticalwaveguide with the core and the cladding both doped with germaniumdioxide is prepared at the first step and the ultraviolet light is madeincident into the optical waveguide, which changes the refractive indexin the UV-entering portion both in the core and the cladding.Accordingly, the optical waveguide produced by the method of the presentinvention has a diffraction grating region in which a plurality of indexchange portions are aligned along the optical axis, not only in the corebut also in the cladding.

The present invention will become more fully understood from thedetailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawingswhich are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not to beconsidered as limiting the present invention.

Further scope of applicability of the present invention will becomeapparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, itshould be understood that the detailed description and specificexamples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, aregiven by way of illustration only, since various changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a drawing to illustrate an irradiation method of ultravioletlight and an optical waveguide obtained as an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 is a drawing to show irradiation of ultraviolet light onto anoptical fiber (waveguide member) by the holographic interference methodas an irradiation method of ultraviolet light;

FIG. 3 is a drawing to show irradiation of ultraviolet light onto anoptical fiber (waveguide member) by the phase grating method as anirradiation method of ultraviolet light;

FIG. 4 is a drawing to show an embodiment to limit an irradiation regionutilizing a mask, as an irradiation method of ultraviolet light;

FIG. 5 is a drawing to show a dopant concentration of germanium dioxideas a first example of an impurity profile in the waveguide member;

FIG. 6 is a drawing to show dopant concentrations of germanium dioxideand an index reducer (boron oxide), as a second example of impurityprofiles in the waveguide member; and

FIG. 7 is a drawing to show dopant concentrations of germanium dioxideand an index reducer (boron oxide), as a third example of impurityprofiles in the waveguide member.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detailwith reference to the accompanying drawings. In the description of thedrawings same elements will be denoted by same reference numerals, andredundant description will be omitted.

The first embodiment is now explained. In the present embodiment, aquartz-base optical fiber containing quartz (SiO₂) glass as a mainingredient is first prepared as a waveguide member used in forming adiffraction grating. This optical fiber is provided with a core in which20 wt % of germanium dioxide (GeO₂) is added to quartz glass, and acladding in which 10 wt % of germanium dioxide and 20 wt % of boronoxide (B₂ O₃) is added to quartz glass. Here, germanium dioxide is anadditive for increasing the refractive index while boron oxide is anadditive for decreasing the refractive index.

A relative index difference between the quartz glass doped with 20 wt %of germanium dioxide, and pure quartz glass is 1.5%, whereas a relativeindex difference between the quartz glass doped with 10 wt % ofgermanium dioxide and 20 wt % of boron oxide, and pure quartz glass is0.5%.

It is noted that the optical fiber (waveguide member) in which thediffraction grating is to be built may be any one produced by anyproduction process. For example, an optical fiber can be produced froman optical fiber preform produced by the well-known MCVD method, VADmethod, OVD method, rod-in-tube method, etc., heating it in an electricfurnace and drawing it.

For example, in the case of the VAD method, glass fine particles of SiO₂and GeO₂ produced in flame are first deposited on a target of a rotatingcenter rod, thereby forming a soot preform. Specifically, raw materialsof silicon tetrachloride (SiCl₄) and germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄),hydrogen as a fuel, and oxygen (all are gasses) are simultaneously fedto a burner for core. On the other hand, boron bromide (BBr₃) inaddition to the above gasses are fed to a burner for cladding. Then thecenter rod is subjected to flames of the respective burners withcombustion of hydrogen, thus forming the soot preform.

Next, the thus formed soot preform is perfectly dehydrated at hightemperature to scatter impurities, and the temperature is furtherincreased to sinter the preform. The preform (optical fiber preform) isthus completed, and an optical fiber can be obtained by fusing it at afurther higher temperature in a drawing furnace and drawing it. Areference related to the above-described production process of opticalfiber is for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,770,898 and 4,915,717.

Next, the thus produced optical fiber is subjected to irradiation withultraviolet light, as described previously. Here, the irradiation withultraviolet light may be effected on an optical fiber cut into a desiredlength or may be incorporated into a production process of opticalfiber, for example, effecting it on the way of winding the optical fiberthus drawn.

In the present embodiment, the diffraction grating is formed at equalpitches in the optical fiber, and for this, the optical fiber isirradiated with ultraviolet light while forming interference fringes atequal intervals. The method of irradiation with ultraviolet light isnext described in detail.

FIG. 1 is a drawing to illustrate the irradiation method. As shown inFIG. 1, the ultraviolet light emitted from an ultraviolet light source10 is arranged to make interference by interference means 20 as apredetermined optical system and then is projected to an optical fiber40 while forming interference fringes. This optical system may include alens.

In the present embodiment, two coherent ultraviolet light beams are madeto interfere with each other by the holographic interference method. Inthis method, the interference means 20 is composed of a beam splitter21a and reflective mirrors 21b, 21c, as shown in FIG. 1. The ultravioletlight source 10 is an argon laser source 11.

The argon laser source 11 continuously emits the coherent ultravioletlight of 244 nm. This ultraviolet light is split into two beams oftransmitted light and reflected light by the beam splitter 21a. The thussplit beams are reflected by the respective, reflective mirrors 21b and21c to be projected onto the optical fiber at respective angles of 74°(α in FIG. 1) and 106° (180°--α in FIG. 1) which are in the relation ofcomplementary angles to each other with respect to the axial directionof core 41.

The split beams interfere with each other in an interference region 30to be projected to the optical fiber 40 while forming interferencefringes at predetermined intervals. The irradiation ultraviolet light isincident into the core 41 and the cladding 42 to change the refractiveindex in the incident portions.

FIG. 2 is a drawing to show the irradiation of ultraviolet light ontothe optical fiber 40. Using an angle of incidence θ (=90°--α) of theultraviolet light with respect to the radial direction of optical fiber40 and the wavelength λ of the ultraviolet light, the intervals Λ of theinterference fringes can be expressed as follows.

    Λ=λ/(2 sin θ)                          (2)

Thus, in regions where the ultraviolet light is incident in the core 41and the cladding 42, index-changed portions are aligned at a periodcorresponding to the intervals Λ of the interference fringes along theoptical axis of the optical fiber 40. Therefore, diffraction grating 43,44 of pitches Λ is formed in the core 41 or in the cladding 42,respectively. An optical fiber is thus obtained as an optical waveguidehaving the diffraction gratings in the core 41 and the cladding 42.

Using the refractive index n of core 41 and the pitch Λ of thediffraction grating 43, the reflection wavelength λ_(R) of thisdiffraction grating is expressed as follows by the well-known Bragg'sdiffraction condition. ##EQU1## In the present embodiment thisreflection wavelength λ_(R) is set at 1300 nm.

According to the above formula (3), because the refractive index of thecladding 42 is different from that of the core 41, the reflectionwavelength of the diffraction grating 44 formed in the cladding 42 isshifted from 1300 nm. But the amount of the shift is not so greatbecause the index difference is small. Since a reflection spectrum ofthe diffraction grating has a spread around the reflection wavelength,the diffraction grating 44 fully reflects the light of 1300 nm near thereflection wavelength.

During irradiation with ultraviolet light in the above productionprocess, light from a LED light source is allowed to enter one end ofthe optical fiber and a transmission spectrum of the light is measuredby a spectrum analyzer connected to the other end to monitor formationof the diffraction gratings in real time. Here, the spectrum analyzerdetects a relation between the wavelength and the optical intensity fortransmitted light through the diffraction gratings 43, 44.

With the start of the irradiation with ultraviolet light the formationof diffraction gratings 43, 44 proceeds so as to decrease the intensityof the transmitted light around the reflection wavelength in thetransmission spectrum. When the transmission spectrum shows no furtherchange, the formation of diffraction gratings 43, 44 is consideredsaturated and, therefore, the irradiation with ultraviolet light isstopped at this moment. In the present embodiment the saturation time isabout 40 to 50 minutes.

The reflectivity for the reflection wavelength can be calculated fromthe transmission spectrum at the moment when the formation ofdiffraction gratings 43, 44 is saturated. According to this calculation,the reflectivity of the above optical fiber with the built-indiffraction gratings is about 75%, thus achieving a good result.

Although the above embodiment used the holographic interference methodto form the interference fringes of ultraviolet light, the phase gratingmethod can be applied instead thereof.

FIG. 3 is a drawing to illustrate the phase grating method. First, aphase grating 22 as interference means 20 is secured in close fit to anoptical fiber 40 as a waveguide member. A quartz plate with groovesformed at equal intervals can be used as the phase grating 22. Since thegrooves in the phase grating 22 can be formed by photolithography andchemical etching, the grating intervals can be freely selected and thegrating can be formed even in a complex shape.

Next, using, for example, a KrF excimer laser source 12 (ultravioletlight source 10) as a pulse light source and letting the light sourceoutput UV pulse light of wavelength 248 nm at a predetermined intensityand at a predetermined frequency, the phase grating is irradiated fromthe top for a predetermined time period in the manner as shown. Theultraviolet light may be emitted in a continuous manner.

When the ultraviolet light is transmitted by the phase grating 22, itforms interference fringes at predetermined intervals. The ultravioletlight is incident into the core 41 and the cladding 42 while forming theinterference fringes. Then the periodic index changes, i.e., thediffraction gratings 43, 44 appear in the core 41 and the cladding 42,respectively. In this manner, an optical fiber is obtained as an opticalwaveguide in which the diffraction gratings are built both in the core41 and the cladding 42.

Next, the second embodiment is described. In the present embodiment,prepared as an optical fiber in which the diffraction gratings are to bebuilt is one provided with a core in which 20 wt % of germanium dioxideis added to quartz glass and a cladding in which 10 wt % of germaniumdioxide and 10 wt % of fluorine (F) is added to quartz glass.

A relative index difference between the quartz glass in which 20 wt % ofgermanium dioxide is added, and pure quartz glass is 1.5%, whereas arelative index difference between the quartz glass in which 10 wt % ofgermanium dioxide and 10 wt % of fluorine is added, and pure quartzglass is 0.1%.

The diffraction gratings are written in this optical fiber in the samemanner as in the first embodiment, thereby producing an optical fiberhaving diffraction gratings of reflection wavelength 1300 nm. Measuringthe reflectivity in the same manner as in the first embodiment, thereflectivity was about 75% thus achieving a good result.

Further, the inventors produced an optical fiber as an optical waveguidein which the diffraction grating was written only in the core, forcomparison with the first and the second embodiments. Prepared as anoptical fiber of the waveguide member was one provided with a core inwhich 20 wt % of germanium dioxide was added to quartz glass and acladding made of pure quartz glass. The relative index difference was1.5%.

Using this optical fiber, an optical fiber was produced with thediffraction grating of reflection wavelength 1300 nm in the same manneras in the first and the second embodiments and the reflectivity wasmeasured in the same manner in the embodiments. The measuredreflectivity was about 50%, which was inferior to those in theembodiments.

It should be noted that the present invention is by no means limited tothe above embodiments but may have various modifications. For example,the optical waveguide is not limited to optical fibers but may bethin-film waveguides. Also, the irradiation method of ultraviolet lightmay be selected from a variety of methods other than those in the aboveembodiments. For example, the diffraction gratings can be built in underirradiation of pulse light in the ultraviolet region while moving theoptical waveguide along the direction of the optical axis as representedby arrow A in FIG. 1.

In the case where the waveguide member has a plurality of integratedcores, as shown in FIG. 4, diffraction gratings may be built inpredetermined portions of the waveguide member, utilizing a mask 200provided between the interference means 20 and the waveguide member andhaving a window 201 of a predetermined shape so as to limit anirradiation region of ultraviolet light (UV). The waveguide member shownin FIG. 4 is an optical, functional component having an opticalmultiplexing/demultiplexing function, in which a plurality of cores 101are shaped in the predetermined shape on a waveguide substrate 100 andthe cores 101 are covered with the cladding 102.

Next, the third embodiment is described as to influence in the presentinvention, of the transmission loss due to the mode mismatch asdescribed previously. In the present embodiment, prepared as an opticalfiber in which the diffraction gratings are to be built is one providedwith a core in which 40 wt % of germanium dioxide is added to quartzglass and a cladding in which 30 wt % of germanium dioxide and 20 wt %of boron oxide (B₂ O₃) is added to quartz glass.

A relative index difference between the quartz glass in which 40 wt % ofgermanium dioxide is added, and pure quartz glass is 2.9%, while arelative index difference between the quartz glass in which 30 wt % ofgermanium dioxide and 20 wt % of boron oxide (B₂ O₃) is added, and purequartz glass is 2.0%. Further, this optical fiber is subjected tohydrogen treatment in order to enhance photo-reactivity.

Diffraction gratings are written in this optical fiber in the samemanner as in the first embodiment, and an optical fiber is produced withthe diffraction gratings of reflection wavelength 1300 nm. Thereflectivity was measured in the same manner as in the first embodiment,and the thus measured reflectivity was about 99.9%. The transmissionloss was about 0.1 dB.

Further, the inventors prepared an optical fiber provided with a core inwhich 40 wt % of germanium dioxide was added and a cladding made of purequartz glass, for comparison with this third embodiment. A relativeindex difference between the core in which 40 wt % of germanium dioxideis added, and the pure quartz glass was 2.9%.

Using this optical fiber, an optical fiber with the diffraction gratingof reflection wavelength 1300 nm was produced in the same manner as inthe first to third embodiments and the reflectivity was measured in thesame manner as in the embodiments. The thus measured reflectivity wasabout 98% and the transmission loss was 0.4 dB. Thus, the obtainedresult showed an increase of the transmission loss as compared with thethird embodiment. This increase of transmission loss is considered to becaused by radiation of the guided light propagating in the core into thecladding because of the mode mismatch as described previously.

Next described referring to FIG. 5 to FIG. 7 are impurity profiles ofthe waveguide members according to the present invention.

In the waveguide members according to the present invention, germaniumdioxide is added both in the core and the cladding. It is generallyknown that germanium dioxide is a material for increasing the refractiveindex in the core. Accordingly, in order to serve as an opticalwaveguide, the dopant concentration needs to be adjusted, for example,by setting the dopant concentration of germanium dioxide in the claddingto be lower than that in the core or by further adding an index reducer(for example, B₂ O₃, F, etc.) for decreasing the refractive index intothe cladding.

FIG. 5 shows a first example in which the dopant concentration ofgermanium dioxide in the core is set higher than that in the cladding.FIG. 6 shows a second example in which together with the concentrationdistribution of germanium dioxide as shown in FIG. 5, boron oxide as anindex reducer is also added only in the cladding. Further, FIG. 7 showsa third example in which concentrations of germanium dioxide in the coreand the cladding are set equal to each other and boron oxide as an indexreducer is further added only in the cladding. In the present invention,the dopant concentration of each dopant is constant in each region ofthe core and the cladding.

As described above, according to the present invention, the diffractiongratings are formed both in the core and in the cladding, so that notonly the guided light propagating in the core but also the lightradiated into the cladding out of the guided light is reflected in theregion where the diffraction gratings are formed, whereby the guidedlight is reflected throughout the entire mode field region. Accordingly,the optical waveguides having the diffraction gratings according to thepresent invention have high reflectivities.

In the production process of an optical waveguide having diffractiongratings according to the present invention, the ultraviolet light isallowed to enter predetermined portions of the waveguide member in whichgermanium dioxide is added both in the core and in the cladding, wherebythe diffraction gratings are built both in the core and in the claddingin the resultant optical waveguide. Reflected in the region where thediffraction gratings are formed is not only the guided light propagatingin the core but also the light radiated into the cladding out of theguided light, whereby the guided light is reflected throughout theentire mode field region. Thus, the optical waveguides of the presentinvention have higher reflectivities than those of the conventionaloptical waveguides. Accordingly, the optical waveguide type diffractiongratings can be easily produced with a sufficiently high reflectivity bythe production process of the present invention.

From the invention thus described, it will be obvious that the inventionmay be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as adeparture from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all suchmodifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intendedto be included within the scope of the following claims.

The basic Japanese Application No. 6-20487 (20487/1994) filed on Feb.17, 1994 is hereby incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A waveguide member comprising:a core having anoptical waveguide region with a predetermined refractive index and dopedwith a predetermined concentration of germanium oxide; and a claddinghaving a lower refractive index than said core, the cladding being aregion covering said core in a close fit and doped with a predeterminedconcentration of germanium dioxide, wherein said cladding is doped withan index reducer together with germanium dioxide.
 2. A waveguide memberaccording to claim 1, wherein said index reducer is at least one ofboron oxide and fluorine.
 3. A waveguide member according to claim 1,wherein the concentration of germanium dioxide added in said cladding isequal to that of germanium dioxide added in said core.
 4. An opticalwaveguide comprising:a core as an optical waveguide region having apredetermined refractive index, said core having a diffraction gratingformed in a predetermined portion thereof and having periodicallychanging refractive indices along a direction of propagation of light;and a cladding having a lower refractive index than said core andcovering said core in a close fit, said cladding having a diffractiongrating formed in a portion covering in a close fit said predeterminedportion of the core where said diffraction grating of the core is formedand having periodically changing refractive indices along the directionof propagation of light.
 5. An optical waveguide according to claim 4,wherein said core and said cladding each are quartz glass doped withgermanium dioxide.
 6. An optical waveguide according to claim 4, whereinsaid core is doped with a predetermined concentration of germaniumdioxide and said cladding is doped with a lower concentration ofgermanium dioxide than that of said core.
 7. An optical waveguideaccording to claim 4, wherein said core is doped with germanium dioxideand said cladding is doped with an index reducer together with saidgermanium dioxide.
 8. An optical waveguide according to claim 7, whereinsaid index reducer is at least one of boron oxide and fluorine.
 9. Anoptical waveguide according to claim 7, wherein the concentration ofgermanium dioxide added in said cladding is equal to that of germaniumdioxide added in said core.